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I developed his original idea

  • 1 develop

    di'veləp
    past tense, past participle - developed; verb
    1) (to (cause to) grow bigger or to a more advanced state: The plan developed slowly in his mind; It has developed into a very large city.) desarrollar(se)
    2) (to acquire gradually: He developed the habit of getting up early.) contraer, adquirir
    3) (to become active, visible etc: Spots developed on her face.) aparecer
    4) (to use chemicals to make (a photograph) visible: My brother develops all his own films.) revelar
    •
    1. desarrollar
    2. revelar
    3. convertirse
    4. surgir / salir
    tr[dɪ'veləp]
    1 (cultivate, cause to grow - gen) desarrollar; (foster - trade, arts) fomentar, promover; (expand - business, industry) ampliar; (build up, improve - skill, ability, talent) perfeccionar
    2 (elaborate, expand - idea, argument, story) desarrollar; (- theory, plan) desarrollar, elaborar
    3 (start - roots) echar; (devise, invent - policy, method, strategy) idear, desarrollar; (- drug, product, technology) crear
    4 (acquire - habit, quality, feature) contraer, adquirir; (- talent, interest) mostrar; (- tendency) revelar, manifestar; (get - illness, disease) contraer; (- immunity, resistance) desarrollar
    5 (exploit - resources) explotar; (- site, land) urbanizar
    6 (film, photograph) revelar
    1 (grow - person, body, nation, region, etc) desarrollarse; (- system) perfeccionarse; (feeling, interest) aumentar, crecer
    2 (evolve - emotion) convertirse ( into, en), transformarse ( into, en), evolucionar; (plot, novel) desarrollarse
    3 (appear - problem, complication, symptom) aparecer, surgir; (situation, crisis) producirse
    4 (of film, photograph) salir
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to develop a taste for something cogerle gusto a algo
    develop [di'vɛləp] vt
    1) form, make: desarrollar, elaborar, formar
    2) : revelar (en fotografía)
    3) foster: desarrollar, fomentar
    4) exploit: explotar (recursos), urbanizar (un área)
    5) acquire: adquirir
    to develop an interest: adquirir un interés
    6) contract: contraer (una enfermedad)
    1) grow: desarrollarse
    2) arise: aparecer, surgir
    v.
    • revelar (una película) v.
    v.
    • desarrollar v.
    • desenvolver v.
    • explotar v.
    • progresar v.
    • urbanizar v.
    dɪ'veləp
    1.
    1)
    a) (elaborate, devise) \<\<theory/plan\>\> desarrollar, elaborar; \<\<idea\>\> desarrollar; \<\<method\>\> idear, desarrollar; \<\<plot/story/character\>\> desarrollar
    b) ( improve) \<\<skill/ability/quality\>\> desarrollar
    c) ( exploit) \<\<land/area\>\> urbanizar*
    d) ( expand) \<\<business/range\>\> ampliar*
    e) ( create) \<\<drug/engine\>\> crear
    2) ( acquire) \<\<immunity/resistance\>\> desarrollar; \<\<disease\>\> contraer* (frml)

    I've developed a taste for... — le he tomado (el) gusto a...

    3) ( Phot) revelar

    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) ( grow) \<\<person/industry\>\> desarrollarse; \<\<interest\>\> crecer*, aumentar
    b) ( evolve)

    to develop INTO something — convertirse* or transformarse en algo

    c) ( Econ) \<\<nation/region\>\> desarrollarse, progresar
    d) ( unfold) \<\<plot/novel\>\> desarrollarse
    2) ( appear) \<\<problem/complication\>\> surgir*, aparecer*; \<\<crisis\>\> producirse*
    [dɪ'velǝp]
    1. VT
    1) (=make bigger, stronger etc) [+ mind, body] desarrollar; (fig) [+ argument, idea] desarrollar
    2) (=generate) [+ plan] elaborar; [+ process] perfeccionar
    3) (=acquire) [+ interest, taste, habit] adquirir; [+ disease] contraer; [+ tendency] coger, desarrollar; [+ engine trouble] empezar a tener
    4) (=build on) [+ region] desarrollar, fomentar; [+ land] urbanizar; [+ site] ampliar

    this land is to be developed — se va a construir en or urbanizar este terreno

    5) (=exploit) [+ resources, mine etc] explotar
    6) (Phot) revelar
    2. VI
    1) (=change, mature) desarrollarse

    to develop into — convertirse or transformarse en

    2) (=progress) [country] desarrollarse

    how is the book developing? — ¿qué tal va el libro?

    3) (=come into being) aparecer; [symptoms] aparecer, mostrarse
    4) (=come about) [idea, plan, problem] surgir

    it later developed that... — más tarde quedó claro que...

    * * *
    [dɪ'veləp]
    1.
    1)
    a) (elaborate, devise) \<\<theory/plan\>\> desarrollar, elaborar; \<\<idea\>\> desarrollar; \<\<method\>\> idear, desarrollar; \<\<plot/story/character\>\> desarrollar
    b) ( improve) \<\<skill/ability/quality\>\> desarrollar
    c) ( exploit) \<\<land/area\>\> urbanizar*
    d) ( expand) \<\<business/range\>\> ampliar*
    e) ( create) \<\<drug/engine\>\> crear
    2) ( acquire) \<\<immunity/resistance\>\> desarrollar; \<\<disease\>\> contraer* (frml)

    I've developed a taste for... — le he tomado (el) gusto a...

    3) ( Phot) revelar

    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) ( grow) \<\<person/industry\>\> desarrollarse; \<\<interest\>\> crecer*, aumentar
    b) ( evolve)

    to develop INTO something — convertirse* or transformarse en algo

    c) ( Econ) \<\<nation/region\>\> desarrollarse, progresar
    d) ( unfold) \<\<plot/novel\>\> desarrollarse
    2) ( appear) \<\<problem/complication\>\> surgir*, aparecer*; \<\<crisis\>\> producirse*

    English-spanish dictionary > develop

  • 2 develop

    1. transitive verb
    1) (also Photog.) entwickeln; aufbauen [Handel, Handelszentrum]; entfalten [Persönlichkeit, Individualität]; erschließen [natürliche Ressourcen]
    2) (expand; make more sophisticated) weiterentwickeln; ausbauen [Verkehrsnetz, System, Handel, Verkehr, Position]
    3) (begin to exhibit, begin to suffer from) annehmen [Gewohnheit]; bei sich entdecken [Vorliebe]; bekommen [Krankheit, Fieber, Lust]; entwickeln [Talent, Stärke]; erkranken an (+ Dat.) [Krebs, Tumor]

    develop a taste for something — Geschmack an etwas (Akk.) finden

    the car developed a fault — an dem Wagen ist ein Defekt aufgetreten

    4) (construct buildings etc. on, convert to new use) erschließen; sanieren [Altstadt]
    2. intransitive verb
    1) sich entwickeln ( from aus; into zu); [Defekt, Symptome, Erkrankungen:] auftreten
    2) (become fuller) sich [weiter]entwickeln ( into zu)
    * * *
    [di'veləp]
    past tense, past participle - developed; verb
    1) (to (cause to) grow bigger or to a more advanced state: The plan developed slowly in his mind; It has developed into a very large city.) (sich) entwickeln
    2) (to acquire gradually: He developed the habit of getting up early.) (sich) entwickeln
    3) (to become active, visible etc: Spots developed on her face.) (sich) entwickeln
    4) (to use chemicals to make (a photograph) visible: My brother develops all his own films.) entwickeln
    •
    - academic.ru/20049/development">development
    * * *
    de·vel·op
    [dɪˈveləp]
    I. vi
    1. (grow) sich akk entwickeln ( into zu + dat); abilities sich akk entfalten
    the whole affair might \develop into a scandal die ganze Sache könnte sich zu einem Skandal auswachsen
    to \develop further weiterentwickeln
    2. (come into being) friendship, misunderstanding entstehen; difficulties, doubts auftreten
    3. (show) sich akk zeigen, auftreten
    4. PHOT film entwickelt werden
    II. vt
    1. (create)
    ▪ to \develop sth etw erarbeiten [o ausarbeiten]
    to \develop sth further etw weiterentwickeln
    to \develop a drug/product/technology ein Arzneimittel/ein Produkt/eine Technologie entwickeln
    to \develop a plan/programme einen Plan/ein Programm ausarbeiten
    2. (improve)
    to \develop an idea/a policy/a strategy eine Vorstellung/eine Politik/eine Strategie entwickeln
    to \develop muscles Muskeln bilden
    to \develop one's muscles sich dat Muskeln antrainieren, seine Muskeln stärken
    to \develop one's skills/talents seine Fähigkeiten/Talente weiterentwickeln
    ▪ to \develop sth etw zeigen [o an den Tag legen]
    she's \developed some very strange habits sie hat einige sehr merkwürdige Gewohnheiten angenommen
    4. (suffer from)
    ▪ to \develop sth etw bekommen [o entwickeln]
    to \develop an allergy to sth eine Allergie gegen etw akk entwickeln
    to \develop a land site ein Gelände erschließen [und bebauen]
    they are going to \develop this area into a shopping complex sie haben vor, auf diesem Gelände ein Einkaufszentrum zu errichten
    6. PHOT
    to \develop a film einen Film entwickeln
    to \develop a theme ein Thema entwickeln [o durchführen
    to \develop a piece eine Figur [auf ein anderes Feld] ziehen
    * * *
    [dɪ'veləp]
    1. vt
    1) mind, body entwickeln
    2) argument, thesis, outlines (weiter)entwickeln, weiter ausführen; original idea (weiter)entwickeln; plot of novel (= unfold) entfalten; (= fill out) weiterentwickeln, ausbauen; (MUS) theme durchführen
    3) natural resources, region, ground, new estate erschließen; old part of a town sanieren; new series, new model entwickeln; business (from scratch) aufziehen; (= expand) erweitern, ausbauen

    they plan to develop this area into a... — es ist geplant, dieses Gebiet als... zu erschließen

    4) liking, taste, talent entwickeln; cold sich (dat) zuziehen
    5) (PHOT, MATH) entwickeln
    2. vi
    1) (person, region, country) sich entwickeln

    to develop into sth — sich zu etw entwickeln, etw werden

    2) (illness, tendency, feeling) sich entwickeln; (talent, plot etc) sich entfalten
    4) (event, situation) sich entwickeln

    it later developed that he had never seen her — später stellte sich heraus or zeigte es sich, dass er sie nie gesehen hatte

    * * *
    develop [dıˈveləp]
    A v/t
    1. eine Theorie etc entwickeln:
    develop faculties Fähigkeiten entwickeln oder entfalten;
    develop muscles Muskeln entwickeln oder bilden
    2. etwas werden lassen, gestalten ( beide:
    into zu)
    3. sich eine Krankheit zuziehen:
    develop bladder cancer (a fever) Blasenkrebs (Fieber) bekommen
    4. eine hohe Geschwindigkeit etc entwickeln, erreichen
    5. eine Industrie etc fördern, entwickeln, ausbauen
    6. Naturschätze, auch Bauland erschließen, nutzbar machen, eine Altstadt etc sanieren
    7. einen Gedanken, Plan etc, auch ein Verfahren entwickeln, ausarbeiten
    8. MATH
    a) eine Gleichung etc entwickeln
    b) eine Fläche abwickeln
    9. MUS ein Thema entwickeln, durchführen
    10. FOTO entwickeln
    11. MIL einen Angriff eröffnen
    B v/i
    1. sich entwickeln ( from aus):
    develop into sich entwickeln oder auswachsen oder ausweiten oder gestalten zu, zu etwas werden
    2. (langsam) werden, entstehen, sich entfalten
    3. zutage treten, sich zeigen,
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) (also Photog.) entwickeln; aufbauen [Handel, Handelszentrum]; entfalten [Persönlichkeit, Individualität]; erschließen [natürliche Ressourcen]
    2) (expand; make more sophisticated) weiterentwickeln; ausbauen [Verkehrsnetz, System, Handel, Verkehr, Position]
    3) (begin to exhibit, begin to suffer from) annehmen [Gewohnheit]; bei sich entdecken [Vorliebe]; bekommen [Krankheit, Fieber, Lust]; entwickeln [Talent, Stärke]; erkranken an (+ Dat.) [Krebs, Tumor]
    4) (construct buildings etc. on, convert to new use) erschließen; sanieren [Altstadt]
    2. intransitive verb
    1) sich entwickeln ( from aus; into zu); [Defekt, Symptome, Erkrankungen:] auftreten
    2) (become fuller) sich [weiter]entwickeln ( into zu)
    * * *
    (into) v.
    sich ausweiten (zu) v.
    sich herausbilden (zu) v. v.
    entfalten v.
    entstehen v.
    entwickeln v.
    erarbeiten v.
    erschließen (Bauland, Gebiet) v.
    nutzbar machen ausdr.
    sich ausprägen v.
    sich entfalten v.
    sich entwickeln v.
    sich formen v.
    sich weiterentwickeln v.

    English-german dictionary > develop

  • 3 Biro, Laszlo Joszef (Ladislao José)

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 29 September 1899 Budapest, Hungary
    d. 24 October 1985 Buenos Aires, Argentina
    [br]
    Hungarian inventor of the ballpoint pen.
    [br]
    Details of Biro's early life are obscure, but by 1939 he had been active as a painter, a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and an inventor, patenting over thirty minor inventions. During the 1930s he edited a cultural magazine and noticed in the printing shop the advantages of quick-drying ink. He began experimenting with crude ballpoint pens. The idea was not new, for an American, John Loud, had patented a cumbersome form of pen for marking rough surfaces in 1888; it had failed commercially. Biro and his brother Georg patented a ballpoint pen in 1938, although they had not yet perfected a suitable ink or a reservoir to hold it.
    In 1940 Biro fled the Nazi occupation of Hungary and settled in Argentina. Two years later, he had developed his pen to the point where he could seek backers for a company to exploit it commercially. His principal backer appears to have been an English accountant, Henry George Martin. In 1944 Martin offered the invention to the US Army Air Force and the British Royal Air Force to overcome the problems aircrews were experiencing at high altitudes with leaking fountain pens. Some 10,000 ballpoints were made for the RAF. Licences were granted in the USA for the manufacture of the "biro", and in 1944 the Miles-Martin Pen Company was formed in Britain and began making them on a large scale at a factory near Reading, Berkshire; by 1951 its workforce had grown to over 1,000. Other companies followed suit; by varying details of the pen, they avoided infringing the original patents. One such entrepreneur, Miles Reynolds, was the first to put the pen on sale to the public in New York; it is reputed that 10,000 were sold on the first day.
    Biro had little taste for commercial exploitation, and by 1947 he had withdrawn from the Argentine company, mainly to resume his painting, in the surrealist style. Examples of his work are exhibited in the Fine Arts Museum in Budapest. He created an instrument that had a greater impact on written communication than any other single invention.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    "Nachruf: Ladislao José Biro (1899–1985)", HistorischeBurowelt (1988) 21:5–8 (with English summary).
    J.Jewkes, The Sources of Invention, pp. 234–5.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Biro, Laszlo Joszef (Ladislao José)

  • 4 Griffith, Alan Arnold

    [br]
    b. 13 June 1893 London, England
    d. 13 October 1963 Farnborough, England
    [br]
    English research engineer responsible for many original ideas, including jet-lift aircraft.
    [br]
    Griffith was very much a "boffin", for he was a quiet, thoughtful man who shunned public appearances, yet he produced many revolutionary ideas. During the First World War he worked at the Royal Aircraft Factory, Farnborough, where he carried out research into structural analysis. Because of his use of soap films in solving torsion problems, he was nicknamed "Soap-bubble".
    During the 1920s Griffith carried out research into gas-turbine design at the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE; as the Royal Aircraft Factory had become). In 1929 he made proposals for a gas turbine driving a propeller (a turboprop), but the idea was shelved. In the 1930s he was head of the Engine Department of the RAE and developed multi-stage axial compressors, which were later used in jet engines. This work attracted the attention of E.W. (later Lord) Hives of Rolls-Royce who persuaded Griffith to join Rolls-Royce in 1939. His first major project was a "contra-flow" jet engine, which was a good idea but a practical failure. However, Griffith's axial-flow compressor experience played an important part in the success of Rolls-Royce jet engines from the Avon onwards. He also proposed the bypass principle used for the Conway.
    Griffith experimented with suction to control the boundary layer on wings, but his main interest in the 1950s centred on vertical-take-off and -landing aircraft. He developed the remarkable "flying bedstead", which consisted of a framework (the bedstead) in which two jet engines were mounted with their jets pointing downwards, thus lifting the machine vertically. It first flew in 1954 and provided much valuable data. The Short SC1 aircraft followed, with four small jets providing lift for vertical take-off and one conventional jet to provide forward propulsion. This flew successfully in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Griffith proposed an airliner with lifting engines, but the weight of the lifting engines when not in use would have been a serious handicap. He retired in 1960.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    CBE 1948. FRS 1941. Royal Aeronautical Society Silver Medal 1955; Blériot Medal 1962.
    Bibliography
    Griffith produced many technical papers in his early days; for example: 1926, Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design, Farnborough.
    Further Reading
    D.Eyre, 1966, "Dr A.A.Griffith, CBE, FRS", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (June) (a detailed obituary).
    F.W.Armstrong, 1976, "The aero engine and its progress: fifty years after Griffith", Aeronautical Journal (December).
    O.Stewart, 1966, Aviation: The Creative Ideas, London (provides brief descriptions of Griffith's many projects).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Griffith, Alan Arnold

  • 5 Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1 January 1815 Calverly Hall, Bradford, England
    d. 2 February 1906 Swinton Park, near Bradford, England
    [br]
    English inventor of successful wool-combing and waste-silk spinning machines.
    [br]
    Lister was descended from one of the old Yorkshire families, the Cunliffe Listers of Manningham, and was the fourth son of his father Ellis. After attending a school on Clapham Common, Lister would not go to university; his family hoped he would enter the Church, but instead he started work with the Liverpool merchants Sands, Turner \& Co., who frequently sent him to America. In 1837 his father built for him and his brother a worsted mill at Manningham, where Samuel invented a swivel shuttle and a machine for making fringes on shawls. It was here that he first became aware of the unhealthy occupation of combing wool by hand. Four years later, after seeing the machine that G.E. Donisthorpe was trying to work out, he turned his attention to mechanizing wool-combing. Lister took Donisthorpe into partnership after paying him £12,000 for his patent, and developed the Lister-Cartwright "square nip" comber. Until this time, combing machines were little different from Cartwright's original, but Lister was able to improve on this with continuous operation and by 1843 was combing the first fine botany wool that had ever been combed by machinery. In the following year he received an order for fifty machines to comb all qualities of wool. Further combing patents were taken out with Donisthorpe in 1849, 1850, 1851 and 1852, the last two being in Lister's name only. One of the important features of these patents was the provision of a gripping device or "nip" which held the wool fibres at one end while the rest of the tuft was being combed. Lister was soon running nine combing mills. In the 1850s Lister had become involved in disputes with others who held combing patents, such as his associate Isaac Holden and the Frenchman Josué Heilmann. Lister bought up the Heilmann machine patents and afterwards other types until he obtained a complete monopoly of combing machines before the patents expired. His invention stimulated demand for wool by cheapening the product and gave a vital boost to the Australian wool trade. By 1856 he was at the head of a wool-combing business such as had never been seen before, with mills at Manningham, Bradford, Halifax, Keighley and other places in the West Riding, as well as abroad.
    His inventive genius also extended to other fields. In 1848 he patented automatic compressed air brakes for railways, and in 1853 alone he took out twelve patents for various textile machines. He then tried to spin waste silk and made a second commercial career, turning what was called "chassum" and hitherto regarded as refuse into beautiful velvets, silks, plush and other fine materials. Waste silk consisted of cocoon remnants from the reeling process, damaged cocoons and fibres rejected from other processes. There was also wild silk obtained from uncultivated worms. This is what Lister saw in a London warehouse as a mass of knotty, dirty, impure stuff, full of bits of stick and dead mulberry leaves, which he bought for a halfpenny a pound. He spent ten years trying to solve the problems, but after a loss of £250,000 and desertion by his partner his machine caught on in 1865 and brought Lister another fortune. Having failed to comb this waste silk, Lister turned his attention to the idea of "dressing" it and separating the qualities automatically. He patented a machine in 1877 that gave a graduated combing. To weave his new silk, he imported from Spain to Bradford, together with its inventor Jose Reixach, a velvet loom that was still giving trouble. It wove two fabrics face to face, but the problem lay in separating the layers so that the pile remained regular in length. Eventually Lister was inspired by watching a scissors grinder in the street to use small emery wheels to sharpen the cutters that divided the layers of fabric. Lister took out several patents for this loom in his own name in 1868 and 1869, while in 1871 he took out one jointly with Reixach. It is said that he spent £29,000 over an eleven-year period on this loom, but this was more than recouped from the sale of reasonably priced high-quality velvets and plushes once success was achieved. Manningham mills were greatly enlarged to accommodate this new manufacture.
    In later years Lister had an annual profit from his mills of £250,000, much of which was presented to Bradford city in gifts such as Lister Park, the original home of the Listers. He was connected with the Bradford Chamber of Commerce for many years and held the position of President of the Fair Trade League for some time. In 1887 he became High Sheriff of Yorkshire, and in 1891 he was made 1st Baron Masham. He was also Deputy Lieutenant in North and West Riding.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Created 1st Baron Masham 1891.
    Bibliography
    1849, with G.E.Donisthorpe, British patent no. 12,712. 1850, with G.E. Donisthorpe, British patent no. 13,009. 1851, British patent no. 13,532.
    1852, British patent no. 14,135.
    1877, British patent no. 3,600 (combing machine). 1868, British patent no. 470.
    1868, British patent no. 2,386.
    1868, British patent no. 2,429.
    1868, British patent no. 3,669.
    1868, British patent no. 1,549.
    1871, with J.Reixach, British patent no. 1,117. 1905, Lord Masham's Inventions (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    J.Hogg (ed.), c. 1888, Fortunes Made in Business, London (biography).
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; and C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (both cover the technical details of Lister's invention).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham

  • 6 Robert, Nicolas Louis

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 2 December 1761 Paris, France
    d. 8 August 1828 Dreux, France
    [br]
    French inventor of the papermaking machine.
    [br]
    Robert was born into a prosperous family and received a fair education, after which he became a lawyer's clerk. In 1780, however, he enlisted in the Army and joined the artillery, serving with distinction in the West Indies, where he fought against the English. When dissatisfied with his prospects, Robert returned to Paris and obtained a post as proof-reader to the firm of printers and publishers owned by the Didot family. They were so impressed with his abilities that they promoted him, c. 1790, to "clerk inspector of workmen" at their paper mill at Essonnes, south of Paris, under the control of Didot St Leger.
    It was there that Robert conceived the idea of a continuous papermaking machine. In 1797 he made a model of it and, after further models, he obtained a patent in 1798. The paper was formed on a continuously revolving wire gauze, from which the sheets were lifted off and hung up to dry. Didot was at first scathing, but he came round to encouraging Robert to make a success of the machine. However, they quarrelled over the financial arrangements and Robert left to try setting up his own mill near Rouen. He failed for lack of capital, and in 1800 he returned to Essonnes and sold his patent to Didot for part cash, part proceeds from the operation of the mill. Didot left for England to enlist capital and technical skills to exploit the invention, while Robert was left in charge at Essonnes. It was the Fourdrinier brothers and Bryan Donkin who developed the papermaking machine into a form in which it could succeed. Meanwhile the mill at Essonnes under Robert's direction had begun to falter and declined to the point where it had to be sold. He had never received the full return from the sale of his patent, but he managed to recover his rights in it. This profited him little, for Didot obtained a patent in France for the Fourdrinier machine and had two examples erected in 1814 and the following year, respectively, neatly side-tracking Robert, who was now without funds or position. To support himself and his family, Robert set up a primary school in Dreux and there passed his remaining years. Although it was the Fourdrinier papermaking machine that was generally adopted, it is Robert who deserves credit for the original initiative.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    R.H.Clapperton, 1967, The Papermaking Machine, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 279–83 (provides a full description of Robert's invention and patent, together with a biography).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Robert, Nicolas Louis

  • 7 Monro, Philip Peter

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 27 May 1946 London, England
    [br]
    English biologist, inventor of a water-purification process by osmosis.
    [br]
    Monro's whole family background is engineering, an interest he did not share. Instead, he preferred biology, an enthusiasm aroused by reading the celebrated Science of Life by H.G. and G.P.Wells and Julian Huxley. Educated at a London comprehensive school, Monro found it necessary to attend evening classes while at school to take his advanced level science examinations. Lacking parental support, he could not pursue a degree course until he was 21 years old, and so he gained valuable practical experience as a research technician. He resumed his studies and took a zoology degree at Portsmouth Polytechnic. He then worked in a range of zoology and medical laboratories, culminating after twelve years as a Senior Experimental Officer at Southampton Medical School. In 1989 he relinquished his post to devote himself fall time to developing his inventions as Managing Director of Hampshire Advisory and Technical Services Ltd (HATS). Also in 1988 he obtained his PhD from Southampton University, in the field of embryology.
    Monro had meanwhile been demonstrating a talent for invention, mainly in microscopy. His most important invention, however, is of a water-purification system. The idea for it came from Michael Wilson of the Institute of Dental Surgery in London, who evolved a technique for osmotic production of sterile oral rehydration solutions, of particular use in treating infants suffering from diarrhoea in third-world countries. Monro broadened the original concept to include dried food, intravenous solutions and even dried blood. The process uses simple equipment and no external power and works as follows: a dry sugar/salts mixture is sealed in one compartment of a double bag, the common wall of which is a semipermeable membrane. Impure water is placed in the empty compartment and the water transfers across the membrane by the osmotic force of the sugar/salts. As the pores in the membrane exclude all viruses, bacteria and their toxins, a sterile solution is produced.
    With the help of a research fellowship granted for humanitarian reasons at King Alfred College, Winchester, the invention was developed to functional prototype stage in 1993, with worldwide patent protection. Commercial production was expected to follow, if sufficient financial backing were forthcoming. The process is not intended to replace large installations, but will revolutionize the small-scale production of sterile water in scattered third-world communities and in disaster areas where normal services have been disrupted.
    HATS was awarded First Prize in the small business category and was overall prize winner in the Toshiba Year of Invention, received a NatWest/BP award for technology and a Prince of Wales Award for Innovation.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1993, with M.Wilson and W.A.M.Cutting, "Osmotic production of sterile oral rehydration solutions", Tropical Doctor 23:69–72.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Monro, Philip Peter

  • 8 Lippman, Gabriel

    [br]
    b. 16 August 1845 Hallerick, Luxembourg
    d. 14 July 1921 at sea, in the North Atlantic
    [br]
    French physicist who developed interference colour photography.
    [br]
    Born of French parents, Lippman's work began with a distinguished career in classics, philosophy, mathematics and physics at the Ecole Normale in Luxembourg. After further studies in physics at Heidelberg University, he returned to France and the Sorbonne, where he was in 1886 appointed Director of Physics. He was a leading pioneer in France of research into electricity, optics, heat and other branches of physics.
    In 1886 he conceived the idea of recording the existence of standing waves in light when it is reflected back on itself, by photographing the colours so produced. This required the production of a photographic emulsion that was effectively grainless: the individual silver halide crystals had to be smaller than the shortest wavelength of light to be recorded. Lippman succeeded in this and in 1891 demonstrated his process. A glass plate was coated with a grainless emulsion and held in a special plate-holder, glass towards the lens. The back of the holder was filled with mercury, which provided a perfect reflector when in contact with the emulsion. The standing waves produced during the exposure formed laminae in the emulsion, with the number of laminae being determined by the wavelength of the incoming light at each point on the image. When the processed plate was viewed under the correct lighting conditions, a theoretically exact reproduction of the colours of the original subject could be seen. However, the Lippman process remained a beautiful scientific demonstration only, since the ultra-fine-grain emulsion was very slow, requiring exposure times of over 10,000 times that of conventional negative material. Any method of increasing the speed of the emulsion also increased the grain size and destroyed the conditions required for the process to work.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Royal Photographic Society Progress Medal 1897. Nobel Prize (for his work in interference colour photography) 1908.
    Further Reading
    J.S.Friedman, 1944, History of Colour Photography, Boston.
    Brian Coe, 1978, Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years, London. Gert Koshofer, 1981, Farbfotografie, Vol. I, Munich.
    BC

    Biographical history of technology > Lippman, Gabriel

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